Discover the Surprising Hidden Dangers of Non-zero Games – Don’t Fall Victim to These Gotchas!
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Identify hidden costs | Non-zero sum games can have hidden costs that are not immediately apparent. These costs can arise from factors such as incomplete information, decision-making biases, and opportunistic behavior. | Failure to identify hidden costs can lead to unexpected losses and negative outcomes. |
| 2 | Apply strategic thinking | Strategic thinking is essential in non-zero sum games as it involves anticipating the actions of other players and making decisions accordingly. Game theory principles can be used to analyze the game and develop strategies. | Lack of strategic thinking can result in suboptimal outcomes and missed opportunities. |
| 3 | Consider unforeseen consequences | Unforeseen consequences can arise from actions taken in non-zero sum games. These consequences can be positive or negative and can impact all players involved. | Failure to consider unforeseen consequences can lead to unintended outcomes and negative impacts. |
| 4 | Manage decision-making biases | Decision-making biases can impact the decisions made in non-zero sum games. These biases can arise from factors such as cognitive limitations, emotions, and social influences. | Failure to manage decision-making biases can lead to suboptimal outcomes and missed opportunities. |
| 5 | Address incomplete information | Incomplete information can impact the decisions made in non-zero sum games. This can arise from factors such as information asymmetry and uncertainty. | Failure to address incomplete information can lead to suboptimal outcomes and missed opportunities. |
| 6 | Mitigate opportunistic behavior | Opportunistic behavior can arise in non-zero sum games when players act in their own self-interest rather than the collective interest. This can lead to negative outcomes for other players. | Failure to mitigate opportunistic behavior can lead to negative outcomes for other players and a breakdown in cooperation. |
| 7 | Address adverse selection | Adverse selection can arise in non-zero sum games when players have different levels of information or resources. This can lead to negative outcomes for players with less information or resources. | Failure to address adverse selection can lead to negative outcomes for players with less information or resources. |
| 8 | Manage moral hazard | Moral hazard can arise in non-zero sum games when players take risks knowing that they will not bear the full consequences of their actions. This can lead to negative outcomes for other players. | Failure to manage moral hazard can lead to negative outcomes for other players and a breakdown in cooperation. |
Contents
- What are the Hidden Costs of Non-Zero Sum Games?
- How Can Strategic Thinking Help Avoid Unforeseen Consequences in Non-Zero Sum Games?
- What Are the Game Theory Principles to Consider When Playing Non-Zero Sum Games?
- How Do Decision-Making Biases Affect Non-Zero Sum Game Outcomes?
- What Strategies Can Be Used to Overcome Incomplete Information in Non-Zero Sum Games?
- How Does Opportunistic Behavior Impact Non-Zero Sum Game Results?
- What is Adverse Selection and Its Role in Non-Zero Sum Games?
- What is Moral Hazard and Why Is It Important in Non-Zero Sum Games?
- Common Mistakes And Misconceptions
What are the Hidden Costs of Non-Zero Sum Games?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Resource depletion | Non-zero sum games can lead to resource depletion, where the resources being used are finite and can be exhausted over time. | The risk of resource depletion is higher in non-zero sum games where the players are competing for limited resources. This can lead to overuse and depletion of resources, which can have long-term consequences. |
| 2 | Environmental impact | Non-zero sum games can have a negative impact on the environment, as players may prioritize their own interests over environmental concerns. | The environmental impact of non-zero sum games can be significant, leading to pollution, habitat destruction, and other environmental problems. This can have long-term consequences for the environment and for human health. |
| 3 | Social inequality | Non-zero sum games can exacerbate social inequality, as players with more resources or power may have an advantage over others. | Social inequality can lead to a range of negative outcomes, including poverty, social unrest, and political instability. Non-zero sum games can exacerbate these problems by giving an advantage to those who are already in a position of power. |
| 4 | Economic instability | Non-zero sum games can contribute to economic instability, as players may engage in risky or unethical behavior in order to gain an advantage. | Economic instability can have a range of negative consequences, including job loss, financial hardship, and social unrest. Non-zero sum games can contribute to economic instability by encouraging risky or unethical behavior. |
| 5 | Political unrest | Non-zero sum games can contribute to political unrest, as players may engage in behavior that undermines political stability or democratic processes. | Political unrest can have a range of negative consequences, including violence, social unrest, and economic instability. Non-zero sum games can contribute to political unrest by encouraging behavior that undermines political stability or democratic processes. |
| 6 | Ethical dilemmas | Non-zero sum games can create ethical dilemmas, as players may be forced to choose between their own interests and ethical considerations. | Ethical dilemmas can be difficult to navigate, and can lead to reputational damage, legal problems, and other negative outcomes. Non-zero sum games can create ethical dilemmas by forcing players to choose between their own interests and ethical considerations. |
| 7 | Legal ramifications | Non-zero sum games can have legal ramifications, as players may engage in behavior that is illegal or unethical. | Legal problems can be costly and time-consuming, and can lead to reputational damage, financial penalties, and other negative outcomes. Non-zero sum games can have legal ramifications by encouraging behavior that is illegal or unethical. |
| 8 | Reputation damage | Non-zero sum games can lead to reputation damage, as players may engage in behavior that is perceived as unethical or harmful. | Reputation damage can have long-term consequences, including loss of business, loss of trust, and other negative outcomes. Non-zero sum games can lead to reputation damage by encouraging behavior that is perceived as unethical or harmful. |
| 9 | Health risks | Non-zero sum games can create health risks, as players may engage in behavior that is harmful to themselves or others. | Health risks can have long-term consequences, including illness, disability, and death. Non-zero sum games can create health risks by encouraging behavior that is harmful to oneself or others. |
| 10 | Cultural erosion | Non-zero sum games can contribute to cultural erosion, as players may prioritize their own interests over cultural values or traditions. | Cultural erosion can have long-term consequences, including loss of identity, loss of heritage, and other negative outcomes. Non-zero sum games can contribute to cultural erosion by encouraging behavior that prioritizes individual interests over cultural values or traditions. |
| 11 | Technological obsolescence | Non-zero sum games can contribute to technological obsolescence, as players may prioritize short-term gains over long-term innovation. | Technological obsolescence can have long-term consequences, including loss of competitiveness, loss of market share, and other negative outcomes. Non-zero sum games can contribute to technological obsolescence by encouraging behavior that prioritizes short-term gains over long-term innovation. |
| 12 | Intellectual property infringement | Non-zero sum games can lead to intellectual property infringement, as players may engage in behavior that violates intellectual property rights. | Intellectual property infringement can have legal and financial consequences, including lawsuits, fines, and loss of revenue. Non-zero sum games can lead to intellectual property infringement by encouraging behavior that violates intellectual property rights. |
| 13 | Trust erosion | Non-zero sum games can contribute to trust erosion, as players may engage in behavior that undermines trust in institutions or individuals. | Trust erosion can have long-term consequences, including loss of confidence, loss of credibility, and other negative outcomes. Non-zero sum games can contribute to trust erosion by encouraging behavior that undermines trust in institutions or individuals. |
| 14 | Security vulnerabilities | Non-zero sum games can create security vulnerabilities, as players may engage in behavior that compromises security or privacy. | Security vulnerabilities can have a range of negative consequences, including loss of data, financial loss, and reputational damage. Non-zero sum games can create security vulnerabilities by encouraging behavior that compromises security or privacy. |
How Can Strategic Thinking Help Avoid Unforeseen Consequences in Non-Zero Sum Games?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Conduct a risk assessment | Non-zero sum games have hidden dangers that can lead to unforeseen consequences | Failure to identify all potential risks can lead to negative outcomes |
| 2 | Apply game theory | Game theory can help identify potential outcomes and strategies for success | Misapplication of game theory can lead to incorrect assumptions and poor decision-making |
| 3 | Utilize a decision-making process | A structured decision-making process can help ensure all options are considered and evaluated | Rushed or biased decision-making can lead to poor outcomes |
| 4 | Engage in long-term planning | Long-term planning can help anticipate and prepare for future challenges | Failure to plan for the long-term can lead to missed opportunities and unexpected obstacles |
| 5 | Develop contingency plans | Contingency plans can help mitigate the impact of unforeseen events | Failure to have contingency plans can lead to significant negative consequences |
| 6 | Implement collaborative strategies | Collaborative strategies can help build trust and achieve mutually beneficial outcomes | Failure to collaborate can lead to missed opportunities and damaged relationships |
| 7 | Seek competitive advantage | Competitive advantage can help achieve success in non-zero sum games | Overemphasis on competition can lead to negative outcomes for all parties involved |
| 8 | Allocate resources effectively | Effective resource allocation can help maximize outcomes | Poor resource allocation can lead to wasted resources and missed opportunities |
| 9 | Utilize negotiation tactics | Effective negotiation tactics can help achieve desired outcomes | Poor negotiation tactics can lead to negative outcomes for all parties involved |
| 10 | Communicate effectively | Effective communication can help build trust and achieve mutually beneficial outcomes | Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings and damaged relationships |
| 11 | Build trust | Building trust can help facilitate successful outcomes | Lack of trust can lead to missed opportunities and damaged relationships |
| 12 | Utilize critical analysis | Critical analysis can help identify potential risks and opportunities | Failure to critically analyze can lead to poor decision-making and negative outcomes |
| 13 | Utilize problem-solving techniques | Effective problem-solving techniques can help overcome obstacles and achieve success | Poor problem-solving techniques can lead to missed opportunities and negative outcomes |
What Are the Game Theory Principles to Consider When Playing Non-Zero Sum Games?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Understand the concept of mutual benefit. | Non-zero sum games are characterized by the possibility of mutual benefit, where both parties can gain from the interaction. | Failure to recognize mutual benefit can lead to a zero-sum mindset, where one party’s gain is seen as the other’s loss. |
| 2 | Identify the Nash equilibrium. | The Nash equilibrium is a state where no player can improve their outcome by changing their strategy, given the other player’s strategy. | The Nash equilibrium may not always be the most desirable outcome, as it may not maximize mutual benefit. |
| 3 | Strive for Pareto efficiency. | Pareto efficiency is a state where no player can be made better off without making another player worse off. | Achieving Pareto efficiency requires cooperation and collaboration, which may be difficult to achieve in competitive environments. |
| 4 | Consider the Prisoner’s dilemma. | The Prisoner’s dilemma is a classic game theory scenario where two players can either cooperate or defect, with different payoffs depending on the other player’s choice. | The Prisoner’s dilemma highlights the tension between individual and collective interests, and the importance of trust and communication in achieving mutual benefit. |
| 5 | Adopt a tit-for-tat strategy. | A tit-for-tat strategy involves starting with cooperation and then mirroring the other player’s previous move. | A tit-for-tat strategy can be effective in promoting cooperation and deterring defection, but may also lead to a cycle of retaliation and mistrust. |
| 6 | Recognize the importance of iterated games. | Iterated games involve multiple rounds of interaction, allowing players to learn from each other’s behavior and adjust their strategies accordingly. | Iterated games can promote cooperation and mutual benefit, but also require a long-term perspective and commitment to building relationships. |
| 7 | Manage information asymmetry. | Information asymmetry occurs when one player has more information than the other, leading to an uneven playing field. | Managing information asymmetry requires transparency, communication, and trust-building strategies. |
| 8 | Engage in strategic thinking and planning. | Strategic thinking involves anticipating the other player’s moves and planning accordingly. | Strategic thinking can help maximize mutual benefit, but also requires a deep understanding of the other player’s motivations and goals. |
| 9 | Assess and manage risk. | Non-zero sum games involve inherent risks, including the risk of defection, miscommunication, and unforeseen events. | Risk assessment and management requires a proactive approach, including contingency planning and ongoing monitoring and evaluation. |
| 10 | Design incentives and rewards systems. | Incentives and rewards can be used to promote cooperation and mutual benefit, by aligning individual and collective interests. | Designing effective incentives and rewards systems requires a nuanced understanding of the players’ motivations and goals, and may require experimentation and iteration. |
| 11 | Build trust through collaborative decision making. | Collaborative decision making involves involving all players in the decision-making process, promoting transparency and buy-in. | Building trust through collaborative decision making requires a willingness to listen to and incorporate diverse perspectives, and may require compromise and negotiation. |
| 12 | Adopt a mutual gains approach. | A mutual gains approach involves focusing on maximizing mutual benefit, rather than individual gain. | Adopting a mutual gains approach requires a shift in mindset, away from zero-sum thinking and towards a collaborative and cooperative approach. |
How Do Decision-Making Biases Affect Non-Zero Sum Game Outcomes?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Identify potential biases | Decision-making biases can significantly impact non-zero sum game outcomes. | Failure to recognize biases can lead to poor decision-making and negative outcomes. |
| 2 | Recognize outcome prediction errors | People tend to overestimate their ability to predict outcomes, leading to overconfidence and poor decision-making. | Overconfidence can lead to ignoring important information and making risky decisions. |
| 3 | Be aware of anchoring bias | People tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive, leading to biased decision-making. | Anchoring bias can lead to ignoring other relevant information and making suboptimal decisions. |
| 4 | Avoid confirmation bias | People tend to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs, leading to biased decision-making. | Confirmation bias can lead to ignoring contradictory information and making decisions based on incomplete information. |
| 5 | Be cautious of hindsight bias | People tend to overestimate their ability to predict past events, leading to biased decision-making. | Hindsight bias can lead to overconfidence and ignoring important information. |
| 6 | Consider availability heuristic | People tend to rely on easily accessible information, leading to biased decision-making. | Availability heuristic can lead to ignoring less accessible but important information. |
| 7 | Be aware of framing effect | People tend to be influenced by the way information is presented, leading to biased decision-making. | Framing effect can lead to making decisions based on irrelevant information. |
| 8 | Avoid sunk cost fallacy | People tend to continue investing in a project or decision based on past investments, leading to biased decision-making. | Sunk cost fallacy can lead to ignoring new information and making decisions based on past investments. |
| 9 | Consider loss aversion | People tend to be more sensitive to losses than gains, leading to biased decision-making. | Loss aversion can lead to avoiding risks and missing out on potential gains. |
| 10 | Be cautious of status quo bias | People tend to prefer the current state of affairs, leading to biased decision-making. | Status quo bias can lead to missing out on potential improvements and innovations. |
| 11 | Avoid escalation of commitment | People tend to continue investing in a project or decision despite negative outcomes, leading to biased decision-making. | Escalation of commitment can lead to ignoring negative information and making decisions based on past investments. |
| 12 | Be aware of groupthink | People tend to conform to group opinions, leading to biased decision-making. | Groupthink can lead to ignoring dissenting opinions and making decisions based on incomplete information. |
| 13 | Consider cognitive dissonance | People tend to experience discomfort when faced with conflicting beliefs or information, leading to biased decision-making. | Cognitive dissonance can lead to ignoring contradictory information and making decisions based on incomplete information. |
| 14 | Avoid illusion of control | People tend to overestimate their ability to control outcomes, leading to biased decision-making. | Illusion of control can lead to overconfidence and ignoring important information. |
What Strategies Can Be Used to Overcome Incomplete Information in Non-Zero Sum Games?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Use strategic thinking to analyze the game | Strategic thinking involves considering the possible actions of all players and their potential outcomes. | The risk of overlooking important factors or making incorrect assumptions. |
| 2 | Apply game theory to the game | Game theory provides a framework for analyzing the game and predicting the behavior of players. | The risk of making incorrect assumptions about the game or the players. |
| 3 | Identify the Nash equilibrium | The Nash equilibrium is the set of strategies where no player can improve their outcome by changing their strategy. | The risk of assuming that the Nash equilibrium is the only possible outcome. |
| 4 | Consider mixed strategies | Mixed strategies involve randomizing actions to avoid being predictable. | The risk of not being able to accurately predict the behavior of other players. |
| 5 | Use Bayesian analysis | Bayesian analysis involves updating beliefs based on new information. | The risk of not having enough information to make accurate predictions. |
| 6 | Address information asymmetry | Information asymmetry occurs when one player has more information than the other. Strategies such as signaling and screening games can be used to overcome this. | The risk of not being able to accurately interpret signals or screen players. |
| 7 | Aim for perfect Bayesian equilibrium | Perfect Bayesian equilibrium involves players having correct beliefs at every point in the game. | The risk of not being able to accurately predict the behavior of other players. |
| 8 | Use iterated elimination of dominated strategies | This involves eliminating strategies that are always worse than others. | The risk of overlooking important strategies or making incorrect assumptions. |
| 9 | Consider correlated equilibria | Correlated equilibria involve players having access to a shared randomizing device. | The risk of not being able to accurately predict the behavior of other players. |
| 10 | Account for trembling hand perfection | Trembling hand perfection involves considering the possibility of players making mistakes. | The risk of assuming that players will always make the optimal decision. |
| 11 | Identify focal points | Focal points are strategies that are more likely to be chosen due to their salience. | The risk of assuming that all players will choose the same focal point. |
| 12 | Use minimax regret strategy | Minimax regret strategy involves choosing the strategy that minimizes the maximum possible regret. | The risk of not accurately predicting the behavior of other players or overlooking important strategies. |
How Does Opportunistic Behavior Impact Non-Zero Sum Game Results?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Understand the concept of non-zero sum games | Non-zero sum games are situations where the outcome is not predetermined and the players can benefit or lose based on their actions. | Misunderstanding the concept of non-zero sum games can lead to incorrect assumptions and decisions. |
| 2 | Recognize the impact of opportunistic behavior | Opportunistic behavior is when a player takes advantage of the situation to benefit themselves without considering the impact on others. | Opportunistic behavior can lead to a breakdown in cooperation and mutual benefit, resulting in a negative outcome for all players. |
| 3 | Understand the importance of strategic thinking | Strategic thinking involves considering the actions of other players and making decisions based on the potential outcomes. | Failing to think strategically can lead to suboptimal decisions and missed opportunities. |
| 4 | Consider the role of self-interest | Self-interest is the motivation to act in a way that benefits oneself. | Self-interest can lead to a focus on short-term gains rather than long-term mutual benefit. |
| 5 | Recognize the importance of cooperation | Cooperation involves working together to achieve a common goal. | Lack of cooperation can lead to a breakdown in mutual benefit and a negative outcome for all players. |
| 6 | Understand the impact of competition | Competition involves players working against each other to achieve their own goals. | Competition can lead to a focus on individual gain rather than mutual benefit. |
| 7 | Consider the principles of game theory | Game theory is the study of decision-making in situations where multiple players are involved. | Game theory can provide insights into the potential outcomes of non-zero sum games and help players make strategic decisions. |
| 8 | Understand the importance of rational decision-making | Rational decision-making involves considering all available information and making decisions based on the potential outcomes. | Irrational decision-making can lead to suboptimal decisions and missed opportunities. |
| 9 | Recognize the role of the payoff matrix | The payoff matrix is a tool used in game theory to represent the potential outcomes of a non-zero sum game. | Failing to consider the payoff matrix can lead to incorrect assumptions and decisions. |
| 10 | Understand the concept of Nash equilibrium | Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player can benefit by changing their strategy. | Failing to recognize the Nash equilibrium can lead to suboptimal decisions and missed opportunities. |
| 11 | Consider the impact of the prisoner’s dilemma | The prisoner’s dilemma is a classic example of a non-zero sum game where cooperation leads to mutual benefit, but self-interest leads to a negative outcome for all players. | Failing to recognize the impact of the prisoner’s dilemma can lead to a breakdown in cooperation and a negative outcome for all players. |
| 12 | Recognize the tragedy of the commons | The tragedy of the commons is a situation where individuals act in their own self-interest, leading to the depletion of a shared resource. | Failing to recognize the tragedy of the commons can lead to a negative outcome for all players. |
| 13 | Consider the free rider problem | The free rider problem is a situation where individuals benefit from a shared resource without contributing to its maintenance. | Failing to address the free rider problem can lead to a breakdown in cooperation and a negative outcome for all players. |
| 14 | Recognize the concept of moral hazard | Moral hazard is a situation where individuals take risks because they are not fully responsible for the consequences. | Failing to recognize moral hazard can lead to suboptimal decisions and increased risk. |
What is Adverse Selection and Its Role in Non-Zero Sum Games?
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Define Adverse Selection | Adverse selection is a phenomenon where one party in a transaction has more information than the other party, leading to an imbalance of power and potential negative consequences for the less informed party. | Incomplete information, information asymmetry, trust issues |
| 2 | Explain the Role of Adverse Selection in Non-Zero Sum Games | In non-zero sum games, adverse selection can lead to market inefficiencies and strategic behavior that can harm both parties involved. For example, in a competitive market, adverse selection can lead to the selection of low-quality products or services, which can harm both the buyer and seller. | Hidden dangers, risk assessment, asymmetric information, strategic behavior, moral hazard, screening mechanisms, signaling strategies, incentive alignment |
Note: Non-zero sum games are situations where the outcome is not predetermined and the success of one party does not necessarily mean the failure of the other party. Adverse selection is a common issue in non-zero sum games, as it can lead to an imbalance of power and potential negative consequences for the less informed party. To manage the risk of adverse selection, it is important to assess the potential risks and implement screening mechanisms and signaling strategies to align incentives and promote trust between parties.
What is Moral Hazard and Why Is It Important in Non-Zero Sum Games?
| Moral Hazard in Non-Zero Sum Games | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Step | Action | Novel Insight | Risk Factors |
| 1 | Define Moral Hazard | It is the tendency of a party to take more risks when they are insured against losses, as they are not fully responsible for the consequences of their actions. | Lack of accountability and incentives for risk-taking can lead to unintended consequences and adverse selection. |
| 2 | Explain its importance in Non-Zero Sum Games | In non-zero sum games, the actions of one player can affect the outcomes of other players. If one player is insured against losses, they may take more risks, which can lead to negative consequences for other players. | Moral hazard can lead to financial market instability, insurance industry challenges, and government intervention risks. |
| 3 | Discuss Risk Management Strategies | To mitigate moral hazard, risk management strategies can be implemented, such as setting limits on insurance coverage, requiring co-payments or deductibles, and monitoring behavior to ensure accountability. | Corporate governance issues and ethical considerations in decision-making can also play a role in managing moral hazard. |
| 4 | Highlight the Principal-Agent Problem | The principal-agent problem can exacerbate moral hazard in non-zero sum games, as the agent may prioritize their own interests over those of the principal. | Effective communication, aligning incentives, and monitoring performance can help mitigate the principal-agent problem and reduce moral hazard. |
| 5 | Emphasize the Need for Ethical Decision-Making | In non-zero sum games, ethical considerations are crucial in decision-making to ensure that actions do not harm other players or society as a whole. | Ignoring ethical considerations can lead to negative consequences and reputational damage. |
| 6 | Summarize the Risks of Moral Hazard | Moral hazard can lead to unintended consequences, adverse selection, financial market instability, and government intervention risks. Effective risk management strategies, ethical decision-making, and addressing the principal-agent problem can help mitigate these risks. | Ignoring moral hazard can have significant negative impacts on individuals, organizations, and society as a whole. |
Common Mistakes And Misconceptions
| Mistake/Misconception | Correct Viewpoint |
|---|---|
| Assuming that non-zero games are always fair and balanced. | Non-zero games can still have hidden dangers, such as information asymmetry or unequal bargaining power between players. It is important to analyze the game carefully before making any assumptions about fairness. |
| Believing that all players have the same level of skill or knowledge in a non-zero game. | Players may have different levels of experience, expertise, or access to information in a non-zero game, which can affect their decision-making and outcomes. It is important to consider these factors when analyzing the risks involved in playing the game. |
| Ignoring external factors that may influence the outcome of a non-zero game. | External factors such as market conditions, regulatory changes, or geopolitical events can significantly impact the outcome of a non-zero game. It is important to monitor these factors and adjust strategies accordingly to manage risk effectively. |
| Overestimating one’s own abilities or underestimating opponents’ abilities in a non-zero game. | Confidence bias can lead players to overestimate their own abilities while underestimating those of their opponents in a non-zero game, leading them to take on more risk than they should be comfortable with taking on based on objective analysis alone. |
| Failing to account for potential collusion among players in a non-zero game. | Collusion among players can undermine fair play and create hidden dangers for other participants who are not part of this collusion agreement.It is essentialto identify signs of collusion early on so that appropriate measurescan be taken against it. |